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Be aware that this will have a dead GPU in any case. Also it's easy to have bad contact in the Magsafe port with old machines, and in the FFC connector between LIO board and logic board.
1/ Magsafe can be plugged in both ways. If you don't have at least some experience with these machines I'd...
It's a regular 25-series SPI ROM but 1.8V and in a USON 3×4mm package. The above adapter should have the correct footprint and an integrated level shifter, but you could also use a programmer with native support for 1.8V (or a different level shifter) and solder wires to the chip…
What makes you suspect BIOS if you get RAM beeps? It's not impossible but it's much more likely to be something up with RAM power rails (VTT…), RAM reset signal, RAM itself, a random knocked off component (RCOMP or VREF resistors…), CPU or a broken trace/via for example.
U4800/U4801 circuit can be found on 820-01700 schematics. It seems like it can throttle hard the CPU/GPU if it detects a voltage drop on PPBUS_G3H (below 7.5V I think).
R4802/R4800 is just a voltage divider from PPBUS_G3H to PBUS_DIVIDER (pin 1 of U4801) so that should be easily repairable.
Here are some additional notes about my board if it can help you:
Liquid damage on at least a third of the board, all over the edge near display (on both sides but mostly underside), some around PCH, some other parts affected like Q7840 and a bit around audio codec IC, lots of damaged parts and...
I have a somewhat similar issue on a nightmare-ish 3115 (jack not detected when hot plugged, need to put the machine to sleep then it is detected but with heavy distortion on the headphones, speakers work fine) but with heavy liquid damage. Haven't solved it yet, I'll come back at it in a while...
ASD EFI/AHT may not boot if the board received Mojave BootROM update. ASD OS may encounter the same issue booting as macOS.
macOS typically won't boot if there's an Intel ME issue, while Linux or Windows will work perfectly fine. Under Windows' Device Manager you might see an issue with Intel...
Would be very unusual but you should check components in Y5010 circuit and continuity across traces. Also confirm no short to ground on PP1V2_S5_SMC_VDDC.
You need to have at least some electronics knowledge to be able to fix a device as complex as a Mac logic board.
As the name says, Vgs is voltage between gate and source. If you have 3.3V with respect to ground on source, it means you need 3.3V + Vgs on the gate with respect to ground. Also an...
Did you check R2042 first? You can also try to replace U1900.
If there are some instabilities on the clock it can cause the camera IC to crash, and in turn crash the camera driver and cause macOS to reboot when it tries to load it.
By removing R2030, the camera IC is turned off so camera won't...
Why open another thread? Schematics will tell you unpopulated components. U8160 is clearly marked as NO STUFF and U8160 has BOM option S0PGOOD_ISL which is only populated on engineering boards as per BOM options table.
Always replace corroded components and don't leave them off, this is the basis of quality work. The machine can work even if certain caps are missing (and sometimes even other components), but it doesn't apply to all of them, and the machine can get unstable if it's missing caps.