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You have a problem on that port with missing LDO_BMC.
Compare diode mode readings around U3100 with another port.
S-UEM2 can help you with some checkings there.
https://www.masterliuonline.com/products/s-uem2-mac-usb-c-and-edp-meter
https://openboarddata.org/?a=showboardsolutions&bpath=laptops/apple/820-02773
BTW, use external switch method to enter DFU mode.
https://logi.wiki/index.php/DFU_Mode_Restore_(Macs)#DFU_Mode_using_external_switch
Inspect USB-C connectors for corrosion.
S-UEM2 can help you with fast diagnose of USB-C lines.
https://www.masterliuonline.com/products/s-uem2-mac-usb-c-and-edp-meter
You should check DCIN/BMON_ISENSE instead.
Their voltage depends by the current consumption from the charger and battery charging.
2V looks too low for PBUS_VSNS_OUT; it should be close to 12.5V.
You should get 1.33V aprox at PBUS_VSENSE.
Use ticker cables to inject voltage.
You must heat the board, not the cables.
Also use powerfull lab PSU and set amp limit to max first.
Then start to inject with 1V; increase, if needed.
If PSU gets in limitation mode, may not inject anything.
If it supports CC mode, that helps.
"no caps lock LED working"
You should follow KBD_CAP_CATHODE trace; driven by UT105.
Seems that machine restarts only when more CPU cores are engaged.
So you may have a problem with CPU itself.
I recommend to inspect all I/V sensor circuitries, from pages 59-64.
You should do any other check possible before reflowing the chips.
If you suspect GPU chip, you can lift (one side) all LA710-40 coils.
In case if Intel side is OK, board should stay on, getting even USB activity.