For $29/mo, we provide access to advanced level technicians who will answer your questions on any Macbook board related matter to the best of their knowledge promptly & walk you through how to solve your problem so you can deliver a working board to your customer.
Buy donor board and replace missing/corroded parts.
Of course it doesn't match with the history of dying after macOS upgrade (which would rather be corrupt SPI ROM for example), so either customer isn't telling the truth or you don't have the original board of that MacBook in front of you.
According to https://mrmacintosh.com/mojave-2019-001-security-update-causing-data-loss-if-interrupted/ and https://www.jamf.com/jamf-nation/discussions/33844/security-update-2019-001-mojave , a bridgeOS update could have failed and the T2 encryption keys were lost (confirmed if `xartutil --list`...
First you should check if the machine is affected by https://support.apple.com/13-inch-macbook-pro-solid-state-drive-service
About compatibility between 2016/2017:
https://beetstech.com/blog/apple-proprietary-ssd-ultimate-guide-to-specs-and-upgrades
820-00840 being the 2017 model, it shouldn't...